I have written several articles on the subject of product creation from the standpoint of a product that is tangible. This article will deal with the subject of product creation that is not a physical manufactured good.
One of the largest growth areas in product creation is in informational products. These can be audio and video seminars through a paid streaming link or it could be an e-Book with a very specific niche market.
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www.product-creation-innovation.com
First off, I despise it when someone accuses someone of copying and pasting something. Even if whomever they think wrote the original piece came to Yahoo! Answers and wrote it; they would still question where it came from. Some people can't accept the fact that some people can actually *gasp* think and write on here.
Since science is the study of anything, and God created us, gave us the ability to study, and created everything that we do study, then the understanding of science is a product of God. But then again perhaps even God has to answer to science. Plus since we were created in God's image; then we perhaps got the ability to think, observe, study, understand, and reason because our souls are imperfect clones of God; which might imply that God did did not create the ability to think, observe, study, understand, or reason if God came to learn all these things for Himself when He became aware of Himself; God may have only found the ability to copy it. Therefore the study of anything would be a product of science since God Himself may have to adhere to preexisting laws; weather He created the big bang and the universe or not.
Or maybe God knows all without needing to ever think, observe, study, understand, or reason. Maybe God has the ability to know all without needing to do anything; and He did not give humans this ability. And perhaps God let us have the fun of thinking, observing, studying, understanding, and reasoning; and let us find and discover certain things on our own; as you hinted at with your comments on Earth's location. If this is so, then science is indeed the product of God.
So as for your question of what are the necessary conditions for scientific discovery itself; well obviously we need a race of being around long enough to technology advance enough to do so and for that race to avoid destroying itself in the process. Things such as our location in the universe, distance from the Sun, etc. may or may not have anything to do with it. If you believe in creation of any sort; then of course you would believe that God would create us to survive in whatever environment He puts us in. And if you believe in evolution with no involvement from a Creator, then, according to Darwin's own "survival of the fittest" theory, whatever life that is capable of developing in and surviving in any given environment or planet would do so; and therefore natural only be able to survive in that planet. If we lived on Jupiter, then either God would create us or we would evolve to fit that planet. We would be capable if living in that temperature, swimming in gases, and have the ability to handle that amount of gravity.
As for the Earth's location being perfect for observation, yes it may very well be evidence of God. But until we have observed from more than one location, is it fair to make such a comparison when there is nothing to compare it to? I'll admit I am no astronomy guru; but from what little I know, yes, the Earth IS in a prime location.
And another necessary condition for scientific discovery may be God allowing us to do so. There may be things He does not want us to know.